코로나바이러스의 어원과 역사

이 기사는 지금까지 알려진 코로나바이러스에 대한 Wikipedia의 기사를 번역하여 편집한 것입니다.

 

Coronaviruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, these viruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses include some cases of the common cold (which is also caused by other viruses, predominantly rhinoviruses), while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Symptoms in other species vary: in chickens, they cause an upper respiratory tract disease, while in cows and pigs they cause diarrhea. There are as yet no vaccines or antiviral drugs to prevent or treat human coronavirus infections.

코로나비루스(Coronavirus)는 포유류와 조류에 질병을 일으키는 관련 RNA 바이러스의 그룹이다. 인간에게 있어서 이러한 바이러스는 가벼운 것에서부터 치명적인 것까지 이르는 호흡기 감염을 일으킨다. 가벼운 질병은 일반적인 감기(다른 바이러스인 주로 리노바이러스에 기인함)를 포함하지만, 반면에 더 치명적인 종류는 사스, 메르스, COVID-19를 유발할 수 있다. 

다른 종의 증상은 다양하다: 닭에서는 상층 호흡기 질환을 일으키는 반면, 소와 돼지에서는 설사를 일으킨다. 인간 코로나바이러스 감염을 예방하거나 치료하는 백신이나 항바이러스제는 아직 없다.
 * respiratory tract 기도

 

 

Coronaviruses constitute the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, in the family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales, and realm Riboviria. They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry.

The genome size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32 kilobases, one of the largest among RNA viruses.

They have characteristic club-shaped spikes that project from their surface, which in electron micrographs create an image reminiscent of the solar corona, from which their name derives.
코로나바이러스는 Orthocoronavirinae아과, 코로나바이러스과, 니도비르탈레스 목, 리보비리아 영역으로 구성된다.

양성감 단일 가닥 RNA 게놈과 나선 대칭의 핵캡시드를 가진 바이러스를 포함한다.

코로나비루스의 게놈 크기는 약 26~32킬로바스 정도로 RNA 바이러스 중 가장 큰 것 중 하나이다.

그들은 표면에 비치는 독특한 클럽 모양의 스파이크를 가지고 있는데, 전자 마이크로그래프에서는 태양 코로나를 연상시키는 이미지를 만들어 내므로, 거기서 이름이 유래한다.
* helical symmetry: 나선 대칭

* kilobase: DNA나 RNA의 크기를 사슬을 구성하고 있는 염지수 1000개를 단위로 하여 나타낸 길이의 단위로, 1000개의 염기로 연결되어 있으면 1kb로 나타냄

* reminiscent: 연상시키는

 

 

■ Etymology

The name "coronavirus" is derived from Latin corona, meaning "crown" or "wreath", itself a borrowing from Greek κορώνη korṓnē, "garland, wreath".

The name was coined by June Almeida and David Tyrrell who first observed and studied human coronaviruses. The word was first used in print in 1968 by an informal group of virologists in the journal Nature to designate the new family of viruses.

The name refers to the characteristic appearance of virions (the infective form of the virus) by electron microscopy, which have a fringe of large, bulbous surface projections creating an image reminiscent of the solar corona or halo.

This morphology is created by the viral spike peplomers, which are proteins on the surface of the virus.

어원
'코로나바이러스'라는 이름은 라틴 코로나에서 유래되었는데, '크라운' 또는 '호흡'이라는 뜻이며, 그 자체가 그리스어 κορώηηη(코르나)  korlandηη(화환)에서 차용한 것이다.

인간의 코로나비루스를 처음 관찰하고 연구한 준 알메이다와 데이비드 티렐이 이 이름을 지었다. 이 단어는 1968년 네이처 지에 실린 비공식적인 바이러스학자들이 새로운 바이러스 계열을 지정하기 위해 인쇄에 처음 사용되었다.

이름은 전자현미경법에 의한 비리온(바이러스의 감염 형태)의 특징적인 외관을 말하며, 태양 코로나 또는 후광을 연상시키는 이미지를 만드는데 크고 둥글고 납작한 표면 투영의 가장자리를 가지고 있다.

이 형태학은 바이러스 표면의 단백질인 바이러스 스파이크 페플로머에 의해 생성된다.

* wreath: 화환

* June Almeida(1930.5.20~200712.1): 스크틀랜드 바이러스학자

* David Tyrrell(1925~2005): 영국 바이러스학자로 June Almeida와 함께 처음으로 코로나바이러스 모양을 그림으로 처음으로 발행함

* virion: 성숙한 바이러스 입자

* bulbous: (보기 싫게) 둥글고 납작한

* peplomer: 바이러스 외피에 뻗어나온 단백질이나 단백질 복합체로 일반적으로 바이러스가 숙주 세포 표면에 부착하는데 중요함
 

 

■ History

Coronaviruses were first discovered in the 1930s when an acute respiratory infection of domesticated chickens was shown to be caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Arthur Schalk and M.C. Hawn described in 1931 a new respiratory infection of chickens in North Dakota. The infection of new-born chicks was characterized by gasping and listlessness. The chicks' mortality rate was 40–90%.

Fred Beaudette and Charles Hudson six years later successfully isolated and cultivated the infectious bronchitis virus which caused the disease.

In the 1940s, two more animal coronaviruses, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), were isolated. It was not realized at the time that these three different viruses were related.

역사
코로나바이러스는 1930년대에 길들여진 닭의 급성 호흡기 감염이 전염성인 기관지염 바이러스(IBV)가 일으키는 것으로 나타나면서 처음 발견되었다. 아서 숄과 M.C. 혼은 1931년 노스다코타 주에서 닭에 대한 새로운 호흡기 감염을 묘사했다. 갓 태어난 병아리의 감염은 숨을 헐떡이며 무기력한 것이 특징이다. 병아리들의 사망률은 40-90%였다.

프레드 보데트와 찰스 허드슨은 6년 후 이 병을 일으킨 전염성 기관지염 바이러스를 격리하고 배양하는데 성공했다.

1940년대에는 동물 코로나바이러스인 쥐간 염바이러스(MHV)와 전염성 위장염 바이러스(TGEV)가 추가로 분리되었다. 이 세 가지 서로 다른 바이러스가 연관되어 있다는 사실은 당시에는 알려지지 않았다.

* bronchitis: 기관지염

* Arthur Schalk(1933.3.9.~2019.4.5.): 미국 뉴욕 태생

* listlessness: 무기력함, 힘이 없음

* hepatitis: 간염

* gastroenteritis: 위장염

 

 

Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s. They were isolated using two different methods in the United Kingdom and the United States. E.C. Kendall, Malcom Byone, and David Tyrrell working at the Common Cold Unit of the British Medical Research Council in 1960 isolated from a boy a novel common cold virus B814. The virus was not able to be cultivated using standard techniques which had successfully cultivated rhinoviruses, adenoviruses and other known common cold viruses.

In 1965, Tyrrell and Byone successfully cultivated the novel virus by serially passing it through organ culture of human embryonic trachea. The new cultivating method was introduced to the lab by Bertil Hoorn. The isolated virus when intranasally inoculated into volunteers caused a cold and was inactivated by ether which indicated it had a lipid envelope.

Around the same time, Dorothy Hamre and John Procknow at the University of Chicago isolated a novel cold virus 229E from medical students, which they grew in kidney tissue culture. The novel virus 229E, like the virus strain B814, when inoculated into volunteers caused a cold and was inactivated by ether.

인간 코로나바이러스는 1960년대에 발견되었다. 그들은 영국과 미국에서 서로 다른 두 가지 방법을 사용하여 분리되었다. E.C. Kendall, Malcom Byone, 그리고 David Tyrell은 1960년 영국의학연구회의 Common Cold Unit에서 한 소년으로부터 새로운 감기 바이러스인 B814를 분리하였다. .바이러스는 라이노바이러스, 아데노바이러스와 기타 알려진 일반적인 감기 바이러스처럼 성공적으로 배양한 표준 기술로 배양할 수 없었다. 

1965년 타이렐과 바이온은 인간 배아 기관을 통해 연속적으로 전달함으로써 이 소설 바이러스를 배양하는 데 성공했다. 새로운 배양법은 베르틸 호른에 의해 연구소에 소개되었다. 분리된 바이러스는 감기에 걸린 자원봉사자에게 비강 접종을 했을 때 지질 외피를 가지고 있음을 나타내는 에테르에 의해 비활성화되었다.

비슷한 시기에 시카고 대학의 도로시 햄레와 존 프로크노우(John Procknow)는 의대생들로부터 새로운 감기 바이러스 229E를 격리시켰는데, 이 바이러스는 신장 조직 배양에서 자라났다. 신종 바이러스 229E는 바이러스 변종 B814와 마찬가지로 감기에 걸린 자원봉사자에게 접종했을 때 에테르에 의해 비활성화되었다.

* trachea: 기관, 기도

* intranasal: 비강

* inoculate: 접종하다

* lipid: 지질

* envelope: 외피

 

 

 

 

* 기사 출처: Wikipedia

* 사진 출처 : bbc